What batteries do electric scooters generally use?
Lead-Acid Batteries
Lithium Batteries
Lead-Acid Batteries vs. Lithium Batteries
Working Principle of Lithium Batteries
Most modern electric scooters utilize either lead-acid batteries or lithium-ion batteries, each offering distinct advantages in cost, energy density, and range performance. This article examines both technologies.
Lead-Acid Batteries: Affordable but Heavy
As a cost-effective solution, lead-acid batteries powered early-generation e-scooters. However, their low energy density limits range capabilities, while excessive weight compromises riding dynamics.
Practical Example:
A 24V 7Ah lead-acid unit typically delivers just 15-20 km per charge – suitable for budget-conscious riders.
Limitations
- Bulky size and heavy mass
- Short range (≤20km) and lifespan (300-500 cycles)
- Vulnerable to premature failure from:
• Deep discharges
• High self-discharge rates
• Sulfation during storage
Lithium-Ion Batteries: The Performance Standard
Modern scooters predominantly use lithium-ion batteries for their high energy density, lightweight construction, extended service life, and rapid recharging (full in 2-4 hours).
(All sunnigoo models feature lithium technology)
Performance Tiers:
-
36V 10Ah Systems: Ideal for urban commuting
→ Featured in our best-selling sunnigoo N7PRO (36V 10.4Ah)
-
48V 12Ah+ Systems: Extended-range solutions
→ Delivers 40-50 km range in flagship models like sunnigoo N3LMAX (48V 15Ah)
Critical Safeguards:
- Requires integrated Battery Management System (BMS)
- Mandatory protection against:
• Overcharging
• Deep discharges - Higher initial investment
Lead-Acid Battery vs. Lithium Battery:
| Comparison Dimension | Lithium Battery | Lead-Acid Battery |
|---|---|---|
| Energy Density | High, 100-260 Wh/kg. Stores more electricity under the same weight or volume, beneficial for long range and device portability. | Low, 30-50 Wh/kg. Requires larger size and heavier weight to achieve the same capacity. |
| Cycle Life | Long. LFP (LiFePO4) batteries exceed 2000 cycles, NMC/NCA batteries last 800-1200 cycles. Slow performance degradation. | Short, 300-500 cycles. Deep discharges easily shorten lifespan. |
| Charging Speed | Fast. | Slow. |
| Safety | Risk of overheating and fire with improper use, but safety is improving with technological advances. | Relatively safe. Electrolyte is non-flammable. However, charging produces hydrogen gas - explosion risk in poorly ventilated areas. Electrolyte is corrosive. |
| Weight & Volume | Light, approximately 1/3 to 1/2 the weight of lead-acid; compact in size. | Heavy and bulky, occupying significant space. |
| Service Life | Typically 4-5 years under normal conditions, longer with proper maintenance. | Generally around 2 years. |
| Cost | Higher initial cost. Potentially lower total cost of ownership long-term due to longer lifespan and lower energy loss. | Lower cost, more affordable upfront price. |
| Environmental Friendliness | Relatively eco-friendly. Contains no heavy metals like lead. Materials are recyclable, but recycling systems need improvement. | Risk of lead pollution and electrolyte contamination during production or improper disposal. Recycling systems are relatively mature. |
Working Principle of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Lithium-ion batteries consist of individual cells stacked into modules. Each cell contains:
-
Anode (Negative Electrode)
Typically graphite-based. -
Cathode (Positive Electrode)
Composed of metal oxides like Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO₂) or Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO₄). -
Microporous Separator
A thin insulating membrane (usually porous polymer) that:
• Prevents direct anode-cathode contact
• Permits lithium-ion flow while blocking electrons -
Electrolyte
A lithium-salt solution transporting ions between electrodes through the separator.
Simplified Operational Overview
Li-ion batteries function through synchronized movement:
- Lithium ions shuttle through the separator
-
Electrons flow via external circuits
This coordinated motion generates electrical current.
Charging Phase
When connected to a charger:
- External voltage > battery voltage creates potential difference
- Li⁺ ions deintercalate from cathode → traverse electrolyte → embed into anode
- Released electrons flow through external circuit (bypassing separator)
- Electrons + Li⁺ recombine at anode → form lithiated carbon
- Charging completes when ion migration ceases
Discharging Phase
During device operation (e.g., e-scooter):
- Chemical potential gradient drives Li⁺ from anode → electrolyte → cathode
- Released electrons power device via external circuit
- Electrons + Li⁺ reunite at cathode → re-embed in host structure
- Discharge ends when maximum ions return to cathode